In reference to Freud and his child development theory in the 'anal' stage. The anal stage runs from roughly age eighteen months to three years of age. Freud posits that finding a proper balance in potty training is crucial for the long term development of the child. Thus parents should not attempt to force potty training onto a child immediately after weaning the child. A too forceful approach, castigating or berating repeatedly, can cause a child to become 'anal retentive' in adulthood leading to control issues. Likewise a too lenient approach can cause the child to become 'anal expulsive' as an adult which can lead to unkempt appearance, and untidy homes and work spaces.
Erikson's approach to Stage three: Initiative vs guilt forces the parent to find balance between enforcing rules and behavior conduct onto the child and not forcing the child to feel guilty about wrong doings. At this stage of development the child begins to strongly identify with the parents and strive to be similar to them. Parents at this stage must be very cautious of not only their actions but also their treatment of the child. Severe punishments may cause the child to grow up with a crippling sense of guilt about fantasies or actions that are perceived as wrong. Children successfully passing through this stage will have a strong initiative that will allow them to move forward in their development.
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